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Hydrangea

Blue flower color of bigleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) occurs in acidic soil.

Blue flower color of bigleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) occurs in acidic soil.
Joey Williamson, ©2008 HGIC, Clemson Extension

Hydrangea macrophylla, also called bigleaf or French hydrangea, typically has either pink or blue flowers, although a few cultivars have white flowers. Flower color is determined indirectly by the soil pH, which affects the availability of aluminum in the soil. In acid soils, the flowers will be blue, but in alkaline soils, the flowers will be pink. Aluminum is available to the plant in acid soils. Research has determined that the actual mechanism of color variation is due to the presence or absence of aluminum compounds in the flowers.

For blue flowers, maintain a soil pH between 5 and 5.5. Apply aluminum sulfate or sulfur to reduce the pH to this range when you see new growth emerging in April. For application rates refer to the tables in fact sheet HGIC 1650, Changing the pH of Your Soil. Information on soil testing is available in fact sheet HGIC 1652, Soil Testing.

For pink flowers, maintain a soil pH of 6 or more by liming your soil. For more information on selecting a liming material and time of application, refer to fact sheet HGIC 1650, Changing the pH of Your Soil.

Growth habit of bigleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla).

Growth habit of bigleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla).
Joey Williamson, ©2008 HGIC, Clemson Extension

Mature Height/Spread

Hydrangeas are deciduous shrubs that grow from 4-to 12-feet in height depending on the variety.

Growth Rate

The growth rate is quite fast.

Landscape Use

Bigleaf hydrangeas are effective as single plants, massed or in containers on paved terraces.

Cultivation

Hydrangeas are easy to grow in well-drained soil, which should contain plenty of organic matter or humus. Bigleaf hydrangea prefers morning sun and afternoon shade. Avoid planting it in hot, dry, exposed sites. Most people buy hydrangeas when they are blooming, but spring or fall is the best time to set them out. For planting, dig a large hole approximately two feet across and one foot deep.

Bigleaf hydrangeas (Hydrangea macrophylla) need ample moisture and afternoon shade to prevent wilting.

Bigleaf hydrangeas (Hydrangea macrophylla) need ample moisture and afternoon shade to prevent wilting.
Karen Russ, ©2008 HGIC, Clemson Extension

Bigleaf hydrangea responds to several light applications of fertilizer during the growing season. A general-purpose fertilizer, such as 10-10-10 applied at a rate of 2 cups per 100 square feet in March, May, and July is suggested. It is not necessary to remove the mulch when fertilizing, but water soon after application to help dissolve the fertilizer and send it into the soil.

Hydrangeas have such big leaves that they can suffer if set out during hot weather. They need plenty of water, so plan to water thoroughly once per week or more frequently.

Bigleaf hydrangea should be pruned after flowering so they can develop “old wood” to form flower buds and to support blossoms the following summer. Avoid pruning after August 1.

One of the easiest ways to propagate bigleaf hydrangea is by layering. This is done by digging a trench near the plant and bending a section of limb down into the trench. Use a knife to remove a small ring of outer bark about an inch wide all the way around the limb. Then, cover the limb with soil, leaving 6 to 12 inches of the tip growth uncovered. Old established hydrangeas may also be divided in the early spring by using a shovel to divide the clump.

Problems

The most common reason for hydrangeas failing to bloom is winter injury. Other reasons may be too much shade, poor fertility, and too much nitrogen.

Hydrangeas are susceptible to Cercospora leaf spot, anthracnose, and powdery mildew. For cultural control of all three of these fungal leaf diseases, remove and dispose of fallen leaves. Use drip irrigation or soaker hoses to water hydrangeas. If sprinklers are used, always water early in the morning to encourage rapid leaf drying.

Cercospora leaf spots (Cercospora hydrangea) with purple margins and tan centers on bigleaf hydrangea.

Cercospora leaf spots (Cercospora hydrangea) with purple margins and tan centers on bigleaf hydrangea.
Joey Williamson, ©2014 HGIC, Clemson Extension

The larger necrotic (brown) areas are anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on bigleaf hydrangea.

The larger necrotic (brown) areas are anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on bigleaf hydrangea.
Joey Williamson, ©2014 HGIC, Clemson Extension

Cercospora leaf spot can be controlled by sprays every two weeks with chlorothalonil, thiophanate methyl, mancozeb, or myclobutanil. Anthracnose can be controlled by sprays every two weeks with chlorothalonil or thiophanate methyl. Powdery mildew can be controlled by weekly sprays of 1% horticultural oil, or sprays every two weeks with thiophanate methyl or myclobutanil. See Table 1 for examples of brands and products.

Insect pests on hydrangea include aphids, leaf tiers, and rose chafers.

Table 1. Fungicide Products for Hydrangea Disease Control in the Landscape.

Active Ingredients Examples of Products
Chlorothalonil Bonide Fung-onil Multi-purpose Fungicide
Ferti-lome Broad Spectrum Landscape & Garden Fungicide
GardenTech Daconil Fungicide
Hi-Yield Vegetable, Flower, Fruit & Ornamental Fungicide
Ortho MAX Garden Disease Control
Southern Ag Liquid Ornamental & Vegetable Flowable Fungicide
Tiger Brand Daconil
Mancozeb Bonide Mancozeb Flowable with Zinc Concent
Southern Ag Dithane M-45 Concentrate
Myclobutanil Ferti-lome F-Stop Lawn & Garden Fungicide
Monterey Fungi-Max
Spectracide Immunox Multi-Purpose Fungicide Concentrate
Thiophanate Methyl Southern Ag Thiomyl Systemic Fungicide
Horticultural Oil1 Bonide All Seasons Spray Oil
Bonide All Seasons Horticulture & Dormant Spray Oil
Ferti-lome Horticultural Oil Spray
Monterey Horticultural Oil
Safer Brand Horticultural & Dormant Spray Oil Concentrate
Southern Ag ParaFine Horticultural Oil
Summit Year Round Spray Oil
1 Do not apply horticultural oil sprays when the temperature is above 90 °F or to drought-stressed plants. Spray late in the day to slow the drying time for better control.
With all pesticides, read and follow all label instructions and precautions.

Cultivars & Varieties

Variegated foliage variety of bigleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla).

Variegated foliage variety of bigleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla).
Joey Williamson, ©2008 HGIC, Clemson Extension

The cultivars of Hydrangea macrophylla are divided into two groups:

  • The “hortensias” have sterile flowers in solid masses, which are often so heavy they cause the stem to bend.
  • The “lacecaps” have a center of fertile, relatively non-showy flowers and an outer ring of showy, sterile flowers, which together form a pinwheel effect.

Hortensias:

  • ‘All Summer Beauty,’ 3 to 4 feet tall with flower heads produced on current season’s growth, unlike other bigleaf hydrangeas.
  • ‘Carmen’, 4 feet tall with large pink flower heads.
  • ‘Nikko Blue,’ 4 to 6 feet tall with rich blue flower heads (in acid soil).
  • ‘Blue Prince’
  • ‘Compacta,’ supposedly more compact than ‘Nikko Blue’ with darker green leaves.

Lacecaps:

  • ‘Blue Wave,’ 6 to 7 feet tall with lacecap flowers.
  • ‘Coerulea,’ perfect flowers a deep blue and ray flowers blue or white.

Several lacecaps feature silver-variegated foliage: ‘Quadricolor,’ ‘Silver Variegated Mariesii,’ and ‘Variegata.’

Climbing Hydrangea (Hydrangea anomala): This is a deciduous vine, which climbs high by clinging aerial rootlets. Leaves are roundish, 2 to 4 inches long. The white flower clusters are 6 to 10 inches wide in lacecap effect. Old plants have a peeling, cinnamon-colored bark.

Oakleaf Hydrangea (Hydrangea quercifolia): This deciduous shrub grows to 6 feet tall and has deeply lobed, oak-like, 8-inch leaves, which turn bronze in fall. The white flowers turn pinkish as they age.

A double-flowered oakleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea quercifolia).

A double-flowered oakleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea quercifolia).
Joey Williamson, ©2008 HGIC, Clemson Extension

‘Snow Queen’ has large white flower clusters. ‘Snowflake’ has a double-flowered appearance. ‘Harmony’ is a low-growing shrub, 3 feet tall and 6 feet wide, with spectacular 12-inch cones of sterile flowers.

Oakleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea quercifolia) fall color

Oakleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea quercifolia) fall color
Karen Russ, ©2008 HGIC, Clemson Extension

Flowers of smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens).

Flowers of smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens).
Joey Williamson, ©2008 HGIC, Clemson Extension

Smooth or Snowhill Hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens): This is a 5-foot-tall deciduous shrub with oval, grayish green, 4- to 8- inch leaves. Flowers are dull white and bloom late June through September.

‘Annabelle’ produces enormous (to 1 foot) globular clusters of sterile white flowers on a plant about 4 feet tall.

‘Grandiflora’ has 6-inch clusters on a similarly sized plant.

Peegee Hydrangea (Hydrangea paniculata): This is a 10- to 15-foot shrub or up to 25-foot tree. Leaves are 5 inches long and turn bronze in fall. Flowers are mainly fertile, in 10- to 15-inch clusters, white slowly fading to pink in fall. Peegee hydrangeas are tolerant of city conditions and grow well in seaside gardens. ‘Tardiva ‘ flowers later, in August and September. ‘Praecox’ grows 10 to 15 feet tall and flowers in June.

Peegee hydrangea (Hydrangea paniculata) flowering with white blooms in late summer.

Peegee hydrangea (Hydrangea paniculata) flowering with white blooms in late summer.
Karen Russ, ©2008 HGIC, Clemson Extension

Lacecap type flowers of Hydrangea serrata ‘Bluebird’

Lacecap type flowers of Hydrangea serrata ‘Bluebird’
Joey Williamson, ©2008 HGIC, Clemson Extension

Hydrangea serrata is a small (to 5 feet tall) deciduous shrub similar to H. macrophylla but smaller, with smaller leaves and smaller flowers. ‘Blue Billow’ is only 3 feet tall.

Pesticides are updated annually. Last updates were done on 08/24 by Jordan Franklin.

Originally published 04/02

If this document didn’t answer your questions, please contact HGIC at hgic@clemson.edu or 1-888-656-9988.

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